{"id":47381,"date":"2023-02-01T02:31:14","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T07:31:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/?p=47381"},"modified":"2026-03-26T06:31:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T10:31:56","slug":"an-engineers-guide-to-the-cfd-hardware-galaxy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/an-engineers-guide-to-the-cfd-hardware-galaxy\/","title":{"rendered":"An engineer\u2019s guide to the CFD hardware galaxy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A tower, it says, is about the most massively useful thing an engineer can have.<\/p>\n<cite>Clark F. Douglas<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In the last decade, computing hardware for simulation software has greatly diversified. Engineers, IT specialists and companies struggle to find the devices best suited for their use cases. So, what is the right choice in an ever expanding hardware universe? Although there is no such thing as one answer to such a generic question, I tried to find one myself on the route through the CFD hardware universe\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Purpose of Salary from a CFD Engineer\u2019s Perspective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When the sun sets, the CFD work is done. Taking a last pleased glimpse at my still running simulation&#8217;s (currently) falling residuals, I leave my workplace. But what does the CFD engineer do at the end of the working day?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, on some occasions, I fire up my private workstation. As a tech enthusiast, I spend some of the money hard-earned with CFD on my private hardware\u2026 so that I can do some CFD!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-1024x885.png\" alt=\"Perpetual Circle between CFD Hardware and Money\" class=\"wp-image-47384\" width=\"NaN\" height=\"NaN\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-1024x885.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-600x518.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-768x664.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-1536x1327.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-2048x1770.png 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Picture1-1-900x778.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Simply buying any CFD hardware and just running anything is not my style. It might make the decision either ineffective or cost inefficient. For me personally, this might be a loss of some time, some money \u2013 but for companies this failure can be of a totally different order of magnitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I take close consideration before I decide on CFD hardware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Absolute computing power. Will the component of my choice make my setup faster?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efficiency. I want my actions to have a limited impact on the environment. And a limited impact on my electricity bill. Besides that, less efficiency leads to higher cooling demands, most likely with additional costs and more noise.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Well, there still is a budget limit. I still ask myself if a certain performance gain is worth the investment \u2013 from my point of view. (\u201c<em>Honey, the computer does NOT work without this!<\/em>\u201d)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>My hobby process does not stop after buying and assembling CFD hardware. Settings are as important as the setup itself. After spending a micro-fortune, I invest hours to fine-tune the clean, cool and capable computer. To verify my build, I run the same CFD simulation over and over again, changing processor clock speed, monitoring runtime and power draw. I will not bother the gentle reader with trifles like PBO, SMT, PPT, FCLK\u2026 in this blog but the essence was:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x-1024x427.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware Benchmark on AMD RYZEN (TM) 9 5950x\" class=\"wp-image-47385\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x-1024x427.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x-600x250.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x-768x320.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x-1536x641.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x-900x375.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Bench5950x.png 2024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>For free benchmark software, the score difference between high-power and low-power settings is huge \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/browser.geekbench.com\/user\/379240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13k \/ 17k \/ 19k on geekbench5<\/a> in Eco\/Standard\/Overclocked mode. &nbsp;But not for CFD. Apart from extreme power-saving settings, I cannot achieve any changes in my runtime by changing the processor clock. The impact on energy consumption however is enormous \u2013 idle, in benchmark software, in CFD, all alike. And energy consumption not only harms the environment but also your budget.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"843\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyWorkstation-1024x843.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyWorkstation-1024x843.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyWorkstation-600x494.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyWorkstation-768x632.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyWorkstation-900x741.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyWorkstation.png 1390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Go big or go budget with new CPU?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, with a single simulation as a test case, I cannot be too sure that my methodology is above all doubts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And again, my tiny little CFD hardware galaxy is no different to the industrial CFD engineer\u2019s universe, just on a different absolute scale. If I make a wrong decision, it\u2019s a few thousand bucks, if you make a false decision in a professional industrial CFD environment it\u2019s approximately ~ V_Galaxy\/V_SolarSystem * 1000 bucks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hence, professional benchmarks on CFD hardware run several standardized cases with different requirements to every hardware feature. A huge variety of mesh sizes and physics ensures the exploration of all characteristics. Fast CFD codes like Simcenter STAR-CCM+ rely on two pillars in computing that have their own influence on the duration of the simulation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the raw computing speed. For CPUs, this is determined by core count, clock rate and instructions per cycle (IPC).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>memory size, memory speed, memory bandwidth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The greatest relative speedups can be realized by maximizing the cache memory. Cache is a memory that is located within the processor \u2013 the closer it is to the actual computing cores, the faster it is. But as there is less space the closer you come, it gets more difficult to get big memories here. Cache comes in three levels: L1 to L3, close to far, fast to slow.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"670\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1-1024x670.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware influences of x86 CPU based systems\" class=\"wp-image-47400\" style=\"width:1184px;height:774px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1-1024x670.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1-600x392.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1-768x502.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1-1536x1005.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1-900x589.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/CFDSpeed-1.png 1578w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Achieving CFD simulation speedup is more than just clock speeds and number of cores: Processors with greater cache can more than compensate lower core count or lower clock rates in CFD<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Processors with greater cache can more than compensate lower core count or lower clock rates in CFD. This trend can not only be seen in laptop CPUs and desktop CPUs, but also in server processors like the <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/amd-epyc-azure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AMD EPYC \u00ae<\/a>. But the raw speed is not the only criterion these days. As I can tell from my bill, the cost of energy greatly contributes to the total cost of a simulation. <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/amd-epyc-4th-generation-9004-series-cpu-cfd-benchmark\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">New generations<\/a> of processors can crop that, as more cores and more cache does not necessarily mean more energy consumption. Or to say it in a CFD way: less energy for the same simulation \u2013 no matter if you invest the same power for a shorter period or less power for the same duration as before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD-1024x666.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware advances of x86 CPUs over several development cycles\" class=\"wp-image-47388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD-600x390.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD-900x585.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/AMD.png 1646w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> CFD hardware advancements of x86 CPUs: 4th Generation AMD EPYC Benchmark compared to previous generation.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Clearly, despite the fact that they are the oldest star in the CFD hardware universe, with <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/amd-epyc-azure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">innovative technology that leads to even superlinear scaling<\/a>, HPC based on CPUs remain a crucial powerhouse for CFD simulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is CFD just a game? Are GPUs up to it?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At some point upgrading your CFD hardware might face a \u201cwall of compatibility\u201d. I already upgraded from the previous CPU generation. But I cannot find excuses for changing motherboard, CPU and RAM at once, so there is only one way out!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When I started with CFD, nobody thought about solving Navier-Stokes equations on a graphics card. <strong>Graphics cards are for gaming!<\/strong> To calculate images very fast, graphics cards (GPU) always used a vast number of calculation units. Very fast, but too specialized. For a few years now, they have been generalized to do GPGPU \u2013 General-Purpose computing on GPUs. Every manufacturer still has a unique nomenclature for these computing cores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even nowadays consumer graphics cards are hardly any good for industry-sized CFD simulations. But why?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The mesh discretization of the flow field directly contributes to the amount of data that must be solved iteratively. This discretization with all its fluid quantities like pressure, velocities in three directions, temperature and more is a lot of data. As a rule of the thumb, I like to say that every million cells in my mesh needs 2 Gigabytes of memory. Just imagine the following case:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mesh size is 30 million, thus 60 GB of memory are required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One iteration takes 60 seconds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One Simulation takes 1000 iterations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Mesh of a CFD Simulation\" class=\"wp-image-47389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-600x338.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-395x222.png 395w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey-900x506.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Mesh_Grey.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">High fidelity CFD with detailed geometry representations and detailed physics models requires high quality meshes. Those come at a cost of <br>memory consumption &#8211; the major bottleneck for GPGPU-accelerated CFD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In case of insufficient memory the simulation needs to transfer data from the fast memory to another device. Writing these 60 GB anywhere forth and back in every iteration will need a lot of additional time, even in the fastest systems. And this is a small hydrocyclone case, not an external aerodynamics automotive case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why are consumer graphics cards hardly any good for CFD nowadays? Well, point me towards the graphics card with 60 GB memory! Whereas you can \u201ceasily\u201d fit 128 GB of RAM into a consumer desktop, or 64 GB into a laptop\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But in an industrial CFD environment you want to go big anyways. And so as CFD hardware advances, multi-GPU workstations and servers have reached a few hundreds of GB RAM. That is still one order of magnitude below the memory capabilities of CPU based CFD hardware, but suitable for CFD. As GPUs do not work in the same way as CPUs do, the code of Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is iteratively ported to GPU \u2013 with an <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/gpu-acceleration-for-cfd-simulation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">enormous speedup<\/a>! With every new release, more physical models become GPU-executable. The results are several times less energy and less time for the same simulation as one GPU replaces hundreds of CPU cores. <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/les-on-gpus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Overnight Large Eddy Simulation<\/a> on a single blade server become possible!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the upcoming 2302 release of Simcenter STAR-CCM+ the computation requires up to 40% less memory. This makes more use cases executable on smaller GPUs, thus increasing usability, changing the rule of the thumb \u201c2 gigs per million cells\u201d to 1.25 GB RAM per million cells. Additional benefit: the runtime is also reduced by up to 10%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"697\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/GPU-1024x697.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware: how Simcenter STAR-CCM+ makes even more out of GPU.\" class=\"wp-image-47390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/GPU-1024x697.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/GPU-600x409.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/GPU-768x523.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/GPU-900x613.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/GPU.png 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Thanks to reduced memory overhead for GPUs in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 2302 , you can now fit larger meshes and CFD simulations on a GPU. With immediate performance benefits,<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Internet of Things? CFD on Things! ARM processors take over!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CPUs and GPUs are not the most common computing devices. So many \u201cintelligent\u201d devices surround us daily \u2013 maybe are even in your hand right now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My wife has no understanding why I change computer parts so often. And I don\u2019t understand why her mobile phone was more expensive than her computer, whereas mine is more like a steam-powered telephone with an extendable antenna. I am not sure what is leading in the financial impact \u2013 my CFD hardware or her annual phone changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"949\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyMobile-949x1024.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware: Mobile Phones?\" class=\"wp-image-47402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyMobile-949x1024.png 949w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyMobile-556x600.png 556w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyMobile-768x829.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyMobile-900x971.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/MyMobile.png 1021w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 949px) 100vw, 949px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>But this might instantly change on the very day CFD code becomes executable on mobile phones!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just like mobile phones, \u201cclever\u201d microwaves, fridges and some servers use a different kind of processor called ARM. Whatever this abbreviation means by the time you read that blog \u2013 these devices differ from our laptop and desktop processors. CPUs in laptops and desktops use an architecture called x86, which relies on so-called \u201cCISC\u201d \u2013 a Complex Instruction Set Computer. All commands to the CPU can be seen as detailed information what to do. They need several cycles to be executed \u2013 which is reflected in the \u201cInstructions per Cycle\u201d metric determining processor speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the opposite there is the R in ARM, which stands for RISC \u2013 Reduced Instruction Set Computer. The idea is quite simple: make instructions so simple that one cycle completes one instruction. IPC = 1. This procedure leads to fewer and simpler instructions. 1 Instruction per cycle. Overall, there are a few more differences to a common CPU:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Instructions are less complex.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The number of different instructions \u2013 the library so to say \u2013 is smaller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The clock rate is lower.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The core count is higher! My phone has eight cores, my laptop only six.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simultaneous Multithreading \u2013 two or more threads per core \u2013 is not a thing on most processors. Actually, CFD does not benefit from Multithreading on any CPU, so this is okay!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A side effect: to execute these instructions is very energy efficient compared to standard x86 CPUs. This energy efficiency is the reason why mobile phones and many IoT devices rely on this technology. But the drawback is: applications designed for desktop CPUs will not run (unless emulated, which is inefficient). This does not matter for newly designed, special software \u2013 thus there are servers like AWS EC2 which use processors of this ARM design. They are more energy efficient than other CPUs and thus more cost-efficient. Although they are far behind in clock rate \u2013 they are more than competitive in performance per watt and thus performance per buck!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"429\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-1024x429.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware: Price efficiency of ARM processors\" class=\"wp-image-47392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-1024x429.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-600x251.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-768x321.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-1536x643.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-2048x857.png 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/ARM-900x377.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cost estimate for leveraging ARM CPUs on the cloud: Pricing based on AWS On Demand list price for EC2 instances<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>With the newest release, available on February 22, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 2302 has been adapted to run on these ARM servers as well, more cost-efficient than on x86 CPUs. So, you will be able to run your CFD hardware greener and at the same time cost-efficient than ever while I am just an ARM GUI away from deploying Simcenter STAR-CCM+ on my mobile phone!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Watch residuals locally, run simulations globally in the Cloud!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I guess I don\u2019t want to wait for mobile phones to be suitable as CFD hardware. For some time now mobile devices can already address running simulations. The clue is to turn away from simulating on your own device. In some businesses, the demand for simulation is not constant. Self-owned CFD hardware tends to be either idling around \u2013 as my private workstation does the greatest part of the year &#8211; or being so heavily overloaded that you start playing sneak-into-the-queue games with your colleagues. And computing capacity is always scarce exactly when you desperately need results for an upcoming project, And if I had to pay for every maintenance hour and every online search because I just sudo-purged some vital parts of my operating system\u2026 again\u2026 I leave this question as an exercise for the well-disposed reader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Simcenter STAR-CCM+ offers an on-board solution for cloud simulation: <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/3-reasons-you-should-try-cloud-hpc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Simcenter Cloud HPC<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No need to choose CFD hardware.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No need to program servers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No maintenance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No reinvesting in newer CFD hardware every year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Simulation results are just <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/simcenter-cloud-hpc-launch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">two clicks<\/a> away \u2013 the only question is: how fast do you want it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video autoplay controls src=\"https:\/\/videos.mentor-cdn.com\/mgc\/videos\/5400\/66ee8f98-193f-4107-8b6a-cfa4b5521fe9-en-US-video.mp4\" playsinline><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simcenter Cloud HPC &#8211; Submit your CFD jobs straight to the cloud  from within Simcenter STAR-CCM+, no queuing time, no IT overhead, no configuration, full flexibility and scalability. Your next CFD results a just a few clicks away.  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The best directions on the CFD hardware map<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>No matter which option suits best, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ advances to exploit promising CFD hardware trends for increased energy efficiency, cost reduction, reduced IT overheads and simulation speedup. All options offer great multi-node scalability:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Flexible x86 processors as found in many servers, workstations, and laptops.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GPU-computing on workstations and servers for outstanding energy efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ARM processors provide a sustainable route with reduced cost per simulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simcenter Cloud HPC is an in-built scalable solution free of maintenance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-1024x362.png\" alt=\"CFD Hardware Map over the last years\" class=\"wp-image-47394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-1024x362.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-600x212.png 600w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-1536x543.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-2048x723.png 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Map-900x318.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>The answer to the question \u201cWhich CFD hardware is the best?\u201d is 42.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>It really depends on your project, budget and current priorities and yet I hope the above insights will help you find your way through the CFD hardware galaxy. As a rule of thumb, let me summarize:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>x86 CPUs have run simulation for ages now. Every solver was initially developed and verified for this platform. Look for CFD hardware with maximum cache \u2013 servers, workstations, laptops all alike. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ shows super-linear speedup scalability on those clusters. <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/amd-epyc-4th-generation-9004-series-cpu-cfd-benchmark\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Find out more here<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GPUs support most of the solvers nowadays and software will adapt to this even further. This solution is very energy efficient. Pay close attention that your required solvers are supported (<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/les-on-gpus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">we are extending the range of ported solvers at high pace<\/a>) and meet the memory requirements of your use case. With the upcoming Simcenter STAR-CCM+ Release 2302 the memory demand is decreased by nearly 40% and you will also see a 10% extra speedup compared to last release. This way you can get the most out of multi-GPU workstations and GPU clusters. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ARM processors support everything but the graphical user interface. This is an approach for cost-efficient computing, especially on cloud services. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ Release 2302 supports this CFD hardware for your cost reduction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/3-reasons-you-should-try-cloud-hpc\/\">Simcenter Cloud <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/3-reasons-you-should-try-cloud-hpc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">HPC<\/a> is a very easy solution. No investment in expensive compute hardware, no idle cost and scalable on demand!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>On February 22, jump on the flagship Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 2302, ready to explore the CFD hardware galaxy as it is further expanding.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A tower, it says, is about the most massively useful thing an engineer can have. Clark F. 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