{"id":32270,"date":"2021-11-09T12:31:38","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T17:31:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/?p=32270"},"modified":"2026-03-26T06:22:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T10:22:07","slug":"model-based-verification-and-design-optimization-of-controller-calibration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/model-based-verification-and-design-optimization-of-controller-calibration\/","title":{"rendered":"Model-based verification and design optimization of controller calibration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In 1968, Volkswagen became the first company to use a computer in a car. The D-Jetronic, created by Bosch, controlled the fuel injection system<\/a> in Volkswagen\u2019s Type-3 models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2009, high-end, luxury vehicles relied on 100 million lines of code or more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, even the most basic of vehicles contain millions of lines of code<\/a>. According to McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, software will account for nearly 30% of a vehicle\u2019s total content by 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"According<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the value of a car.\u201d<\/p>Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of informatics at Technical University, Munich<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The two factors driving this transition? You guessed it \u2013 electric and autonomous vehicles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electric vehicles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Model-based<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Electric vehicles (EVs) present new complexities and demands of the software that drives them. The software needs to balance emissions, vehicle performance, battery range, and multiple motors for AWD vehicles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autonomous vehicles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Model-based<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Autonomous vehicles and vehicles that integrate assisted driving features also complicate software requirements. The most glaring issue for ADAS engineers is the sheer quantity of scenarios needed to test software functionality. Couple this with the fact that, due to liability and safety, these scenarios cannot be reasonably tested in a physical environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There have been several high-profile cases of autonomous features not working as intended. Consumers have reported several accidents and injuries caused by automatic emergency braking (AEB) initiating \u201cphantom braking\u201d on roads.<\/a> Lane keeping systems (LKS) are also experiencing similar issues. The American Association of Automobiles listed the most common assisted driving issues as<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n