{"id":23981,"date":"2021-02-15T09:09:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-15T14:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/?p=23981"},"modified":"2026-03-26T06:19:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T10:19:45","slug":"from-internal-combustion-engine-ice-to-ice-creams-with-cfd-simulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/simcenter\/from-internal-combustion-engine-ice-to-ice-creams-with-cfd-simulation\/","title":{"rendered":"From Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to Ice Cream with CFD simulation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

(It’s the middle of winter here in the US. Summer, sunshine, sandy beaches and soft serve ice cream seem like a mirage right now. Hopefully, this story about ice cream CFD simulation will bring a little sliver of summer to your day. There’s a full video on the ice cream project at the end with a generous dose of delicious gelato clips)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Supercars and gelato: An unlikely match<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

“You may have the universe if I may have Italy”<\/p>Giuseppe Verdi<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Why wouldn\u2019t he? Home of alluring art, incredible history, heavenly food, stunning landscapes and phenomenal fashion, Italy epitomizes life in all its lazy, elegant brilliance. Italy is \u2018La Dolce Vita\u2019 \u2013 \u201cthe sweet life\u201d \u2013 a life of heedless pleasure and luxury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This story is a surprising marriage of two Italian things that best symbolize heedless pleasure and luxury \u2013 supercars and gelato. This is a story of how a small Italian company, well known for their expertise in super car Internal Combustion (IC) engines, helped an ice cream manufacturer make better gelato.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Though \u2018gelato\u2019 is Italian for \u2018ice cream\u2019, there\u2019s a difference. Eat This Not That<\/a> can tell you more)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Made in Modena, Italy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Modena, Emilia Romagna, Italy. Piazza Grande and Duomo Cathedral at sunset.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Our story starts in Modena<\/a>, the \u2018City of Engines\u2019. This charming Italian town is also the unofficial \u2018supercar capital of the world\u2019. Ferrari, Lamborghini, Maserati, Pagani and Bugatti all call Modena home. A tour through Modena’s famous museums is a must for supercar lovers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This supercar themed road trip<\/a> through Modena is a must-do for car enthusiasts. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

It is here in Modena that Giuseppe Cicalese<\/a>, a graduate of the nearby University of Modena and Reggio Emilia<\/a>, established R&D CFD<\/a> in 2012 with his Professor, Dr. Stefano Fontanesi<\/a>. Born out of the University\u2019s Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) research group, they work on engine design for most of the supercar manufacturers in Modena. The CFD in their name is a nod to their expertise in computational fluid dynamics<\/a> (CFD) simulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A gelato manufacturer comes calling<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

IC engine operation is incredibly complex. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Combustion of air & fuel, temperatures of 4500 F (2500 C), moving pistons, hundreds of chemical species, thousands of reactions some of which occur in a billionth of a second. All of this inside a small, dark cylinder. Inside a fast supercar. How do you analyze such complexity? How do you find the best engine design?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With CFD, companies like R&D CFD build a digital engine. Every process inside and outside an engine is digitally modeled, analyzed and visualized. Add in design optimization and R&D CFD can evaluate hundreds of engine designs digitally before building anything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, their CFD simulation and engineering expertise caught the eye of an unlikely customer: a leading Italian gelato manufacturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Simcenter STAR-CCM+ CFD simulation showing thermal behavior of engine components, courtesy of R&D CFD<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The variegated gelato<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The global ice cream market is worth $80 billion USD and increasing every year. Nearly 80% of the ice cream sold is machine-made, either to take home in a box or consume immediately. It\u2019s a massive market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The manufacturer who worked with R&D CFD was famous for their variegated gelato. Excuse the fancy word here! A variegated gelato is merely ice cream with a sauce swirled into it \u2013 chocolate, strawberry, caramel, fruit, peanut butter and more (Now I\u2019m getting hungry).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Good variegation (left) and poor variegation (right). Seriously, which one is more appealing? Which one would you buy? (Left: Photo 25733655 \u00a9 stockcreations | Dreamstime.com; Right: Photo 128837829 \u00a9 Igor Zakharevich | Dreamstime.com)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Chasing the good (looking) gelato<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ice cream was once a dessert reserved for kings. But thanks to capitalism and mass production, the common man can enjoy one of life\u2019s greatest delicacies. Our gelato maker was one such mass producer. Gelato in a box was their specialty. With years of mass-producing experience, the taste of their gelato was world class \u2013 creamy, rich and dense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But good gelato needs to be good-looking. Eating ice cream is an emotional, evocative experience. In a competitive market, the look and feel of your gelato makes all the difference. The manufacturer\u2019s list of requirements for good-looking variegated gelato was long \u2013 soft, smooth, silky, elastic and of natural color. A handmade look meant more sales and more satisfied customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe customer wanted our help to predict how the variegated ice cream will look at the end of their manufacturing process. People who buy this ice cream are looking for a certain hand-made feeling. But how do you make it look hand-made in a machine?\u201d<\/em><\/p>Giuseppe Cicalese<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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Ice Cream Assortment. Various ice creams in bowls on yellow background, banner. Frozen yogurt or organic ice cream – healthy summer dessert (Courtesy: Gettyimages.com)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A simpler design; a better swirl<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The secret lies in the variegator. This machine mixes the ice cream and the sauce, fed through different pipes. Their current variegator was a static one with no moving parts. But the design was complex. The ice cream and sauce came in contact with screws, baffles and walls. It was hard to control the sauce pattern or mixing. It was exposed to air, a strict no-no for good gelato. The number of parts meant cleaning the variegator thoroughly was hard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The variegator design <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The ice cream maker found a simpler design. Just two concentric cylinders, one each for the ice cream and sauce and a nozzle connecting the two. They mix directly in the variegator \u2013 no screws; no baffles; no interaction with walls. Just simple, straight mixing. Easy to clean, better to control mixing and a more beautiful sauce swirl into the ice cream. In theory, the new design was perfect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Improving the ice cream variegator with CFD simulation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Now they needed to make the design better. They needed to predict how the ice cream could look after manufacturing before being stored in boxes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is where R&D CFD\u2019s simulation and design optimization experience came in handy. They had Simcenter STAR-CCM+<\/a>, a CFD Multiphysics software and Simcenter HEEDS<\/a>, a design optimization software, both tools from Siemens\u2019 Simcenter portfolio. For years, they used Simcenter STAR-CCM+ on supercar engines to understand the flow and thermal behavior of engines. Simcenter HEEDS helped them analyze the performance of hundreds of engine designs and scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now R&D CFD applied this supercar engine simulation technology to gelato making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“We decided to use our engine simulation tools to improve the variegator design. With digital simulation, we could reduce making prototypes and save time & cost in design. It also helps us analyze hundreds of designs\u201d<\/em><\/p>Giuseppe Cicalese<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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From designing engines to designing better looking gelato, it was quite the change for R&D CFD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2000 designs; one perfect sauce swirl<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSimulating ice cream and sauce is not so simple as simulating air and water<\/em>. They are gooey, viscous, elastic fluids. Understanding the rheology and thermal behavior took some time\u201d.<\/em><\/p>Alfonsina Esposito, CFD engineer at R&D CFD<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

But with Simcenter STAR-CCM+, they could model such challenging physics. The engineers came up with the physical properties from experience. The software modeled the ice cream, sauce and the interface between the two accurately, thanks to a Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase<\/a> and rheology<\/a> model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“In the past, we worked with other simulation software where the process was way more difficult. What we enjoy with Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is the variety of physics you can simulate, from engines to ice creams\u201d<\/em><\/p>Alfonsina Esposito, CFD engineer at R&D CFD<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

With Design Manager<\/a>, a technology within Simcenter STAR-CCM+, Alfonsina modeled 2000 different design scenarios changing the nozzle geometry and operational physics laws to inject sauce. The software automatically found the design that produced the best sauce pattern and swirl. All done digitally in a week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imagine having to build and test 2000 different variegators instead!<\/p>\n\n\n\n